The correlation between the conceptual metonymy and the process of generating proper names

Proper names can be considered lexical traces that identify a specific society and time as they enable us to better understand its modus vivendi, from its socialhistorical-cultural context. This study selects police operations proper names as subject study, and it is guided by the hypothesis that the generation of proper names configures as a cognitive process, which makes use of conceptual metonymy as a prominent contributor for several cognitive actions for naming. Thus, the focus is to demonstrate the conceptual metonymy role in the generation process of police operations proper names manifested by its typological features. The corpus for this analysis is composed of Brazilian Federal Police operations that were triggered in 2018 and can be obtained on its official website. The adopted methodology consists of mapping the proper names taxonomies according to Eccles’ three worlds (ECCLES, 1979) and metonymy typology, Rev. Estud. Ling., Belo Horizonte, v. 28, n. 2, p. 689-720, 2020 690 based on the proposal by Radden and Kovecses (2007); Blanco-Carrión, Barcelona and Pannain (2018); in addition to the theoretical foundations proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff (1987), Silva (1997) and Biderman (1998).

Abstract: Proper names can be considered lexical traces that identify a specific society and time as they enable us to better understand its modus vivendi, from its socialhistorical-cultural context. This study selects police operations proper names as subject study, and it is guided by the hypothesis that the generation of proper names configures as a cognitive process, which makes use of conceptual metonymy as a prominent contributor for several cognitive actions for naming. Thus, the focus is to demonstrate the conceptual metonymy role in the generation process of police operations proper names manifested by its typological features. The corpus for this analysis is composed of Brazilian Federal Police operations that were triggered in 2018 and can be obtained on its official website. The adopted methodology consists of mapping the proper names taxonomies according to Eccles' three worlds (ECCLES, 1979) and metonymy typology, based on the proposal by Radden and Kovecses (2007); Blanco-Carrión, Barcelona and Pannain (2018); in addition to the theoretical foundations proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff (1987), Silva (1997) and Biderman (1998). Keywords: proper name; conceptual metonymy; cognitive linguistics.

Introduction
Proper names have been the subject of research from different perspectives owing to the invaluable contributions to linguistic meaning clarification. By the end of the nineteenth century, Bréal (1992) already discussed the perspective of meaning, more specifically, the strength of the meaning of lexical units. For this author, "once they are created and endowed with a certain meaning, are induced to restrict, to extend, to transfer this meaning from one order of ideas to another, to raise or to lower its dignity, in short, to change it." (BRÉAL, 1992, p. 77). Bréal explains that the extension of meaning has an external cause as a result of historical events; therefore, the meaning transformation is slow, involuntary, and imperceptible. However, metaphors change the meaning of words instantly by suddenly creating new expressions. They are born because of the similarity between two objects or acts and for the vocabulary gap-filling. Geeraerts (2010, p. 277) correlates the position of cognitive semantics that emerged in the 1980s and the traditional historical conception. The author highlights the similarities on the following points: a) the psychological conception of meaning; b) lexical meaning is tied to the individual, cultural, social, and historical experience; c) interest in the flexibility and polysemy of meaning and the influencing mechanisms. However, cognitive semantics regards polysemy and flexibility from a synchronic perspective, in contrast to the traditional historical diachronic view.
Considering the broad linguistic panorama, it enables us to recognize the lexicon of a social group as a mirror that projects a society, with its unique world perspective, its history, and its modus vivendi, as Isquerdo (2012) describes: [...] regardless of the theoretical perspective and the trend adopted for the study of a lexical language system, the lexicon function in the cognition process and the reality categorization cannot be denied, given its function of substantiating, materializing the knowledge produced by a society. Thus, as there are several societies and cultures, the vocabulary conveyed by people throughout history also has different facets, which is singled out according to the historical moment of the language, the geographical reality, the profile of the speakers, the objectives of communication, the circumstances of the act of enunciation (ISQUERDO, 2012, p. 115) A society is made up of various elements that constitute its modus vivendi -places, people, organizations, product brands, business strategies, policy, and military operations. Therefore, for this study, one of these elements is isolated, and a discussion is here proposed over police operations proper names. 1 Since this study highlights the cognitive aspects of language in interaction with social and cultural experiences that shape the reality conceptualization, the research is based on the theoretical foundation of cognitive linguistics. According to Silva (1997), one of the guiding principles of this approach is the assumption that language structure and units are not autonomous entities, but they are a manifestation of cognitive capacities. Another worthy view on cognitive base is that "cognitive linguistics embodies a fully contextualized conception of meaning." (GEERAERTS;CUCYCKENS, 2007, p. 14).
This way, cognitive linguistics contributes to the understanding of meaning relations, which are dynamically configured within and through the cognition domain and enable linguistics constructions to generate proper names. Based on the premise of meaning relations, interactional experiences and cognition, the hypothesis for this study is that the metonymic process is the main mechanism for the generation of police operations proper names.
The semantic aspects analysis of proper names presented here is based on the notion of conceptual metaphor and metonymy proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Lakoff (1987). From this perspective, Silva (1997, p. 74) points out that, for cognitive linguistics, metaphors and metonymies are conceptual phenomena and relevant cognitive models. Also, Geeraerts (2010, p. 206) explains the perspective of metaphor as a cognitive phenomenon that has to be analyzed by mapping two domains in a relation of similarity based on experiences. Considered as a cognitive phenomenon, the notion of conceptual metonymy allows people to think about one thing in terms of its contiguity relation, creates patterns that can be applied to more than one individual lexical item, and structures thoughts, attitudes and actions.
Broadening the scope of two cognitive phenomena, Dirven (2002, p. 8) points out the distinction between metaphoric and metonymic poles by demonstrating deeper possibilities. It is proposed the notion of a continuum on which the metaphoric and the metonymic strategies of conceptualization are situated.
The author sets some basic facts that determine the difference between metaphor and metonymy: a) distinct nature of relationships, the paradigmatic equation for metaphors, and syntagmatic equations for metonymy; b) in metonymy, two domains or subdomains as one domain matrix are related, and in metaphor, one domain is removed in the mapping operation; c) the notions of conceptual distance and closeness indicate different levels of figurativity. Dirven (2002) also describes the equation of the metonymic pole with the syntagmatic principle, in which there are three types of syntagma: linear (subject-predicate relation), conjunctive (various elements of a word), and inclusive (a metonymic chain), the last one is compared to metaphor due to the figurative nature (DIRVEN, 2002, p.92).
This study is based on the analysis of 56 names of police operations triggered from January to April 2018, corpus collected on the official site of Federal Police -Ministry of Justice and Public Security. The research aims to demonstrate the role of conceptual metonymy in the generation process of police operations proper names. It fulfills the specific objectives: identify the typology of the most frequent metonymies contained in the proper names generation process and map the proper names taxonomies according to the nature of the worlds, based on Eccles (1979) and Biderman (1998).
For the taxonomies mapping, three tables were elaborated containing the fifty-six proper names and their accordingly classification in physical, sociocultural, and mental worlds. This visualization demonstrates the human interaction with the surrounding environment and cognitive dynamics. It is founded on Biderman (1998), in which the author presents the three worlds suggested by Eccles (1979), aiming the comprehension of human existences and experiences.
Following the three tables presented, the analysis is targeted to evince the typology of metonymies identified in the selected corpus. Afterward, it is presented the description and the discussion of metonymic types based on the theoretical principles of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Kovecses (1998, 2007) and Blanco-Carrión, Barcelona, Pannain (2018).

Naming
As a linguistic phenomenon, the meaning of a word becomes flexible due to the context of its origin. In the naming act, the word and its meaning used as proper names are influenced by surrounding elements. Biderman (1998, p. 89) considers that categorization and naming activities are based on more abstract things since they are cognitive processes. Words designate concepts rather than material things, so conceptualization is a cognitive process itself. Principles that rule the categorization process, cognitive economy, and world structure perception elucidate cognitive trajectory, which substantiates naming.
For naming process analysis, Biderman (1998, p. 116) discusses the Ogden and Richard Semiotic Triangle (1989) and suggests her adaptation to the original model. In the graphic model of Biderman 's version (1998, p. 116), the left vertex represents name, word, signifier and the second vertex, at the top of the pyramid, lies meaning, concept, signified, and the right vertex, represents thing, referent, extralinguistic object directly connected to the reality. The author highlights the importance of considering the referent as an essential part of the linguistic sign. The interpretation of reality data does not coincide with the physical structures of reality since they were abstracted from it, went through human interpretation, and were given back to the real world. From this reasoning line, Biderman (1998, p. 116) emphasizes that referent is not an extralinguistic reality; however, it has its representation, besides having a direct connection with linguistic meaning. The signifier (word) originates from reality preceding concept (meaning), the context.
It becomes a referent when reality passes through human perception, when people 's details and actions are noticed, decomposed, and classified to, eventually, be given a name.
As already pointed out, this study discusses naming as a result of a cognitive process that makes a proper name emerge. This way, proper names are configured as language products that represent conceptualization within specific contexts.

Cognitive perspective
As previously stated, this study is grounded on the theoretical contributions of cognitive linguistics, which assumes that mental structures mediate individual's interaction with the world; in this case, the structure in use is the language. Silva (1997, p. 64) explains that it is through systematic analysis and linguistic use that cognitive linguistics finds human cognition contents, which justify the psychological reality expressed by language. The cognitive language investigation highlights the correspondence in conceptual thought, embodied experience, and linguistic structure; consequently, the actual cognition contents.
Reiterating the explanation given by Silva (1997), Geeraerts and Cuyckens (2007, p. 5) explain that cognitive linguistic adopts the principle that mental informational structures and language mediate our encounter with the world, which is why language is seen as world knowledge archive that is meaningfully categorized. This knowledge heritage provides support to manage new experiences and store old information.
To sum up, the main ideas of the cognitive language conception consists in "a belief in the contextual, pragmatic flexibility of meaning, the conviction that meaning is a cognitive phenomenon that exceeds the boundaries of the word, and the principle that meaning involves perspectivation" (GEERAERTS, 2010, p. 182). 2

Conceptualization process
The conceptualization process is directly connected to embodiment; in other words, the concept construction emerges from several internalized, categorized and named experiences. Adding to the bases of connection between experientialism and conceptualization, Lakoff and Johnson (1980), in their research on the constitution of basic experience domains, propose the experiential gestalt, which "are ways of organizing experiences into structured wholes" (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980, p. 81). The experiences domains are organized as natural dimensions since they are more concrete experiences that can be used metaphorically to represent more complex concepts. According to these authors, the most concrete concepts, which are the foundations from where cognitive phenomena arise, originate from three sources, comprised as natural experiences types: body experiences, interaction with physical environment and encounters with people and culture. Lakoff (1987, p. xv) defined experientialism or experiential realism as a contrast to the philosophical concept that accounts for human reasoning within an objective view. From this perspective, a conceptual framework corresponds to the objective reality, and it is unrelated to real experiences. The emerging term experientialism considers that reason and body form only one organism and reflects the idea that reason comes from body experience.
The notion of experience is broad since it includes everything that constitutes actual and potential experiences of either individual or collective organisms. Besides perception acts, motor movements, the view also entails the constitution of organisms developed genetically and the nature of interaction in physical and social environments.
The experientialist view proposed by Lakoff (1987) provides meaning comprehension as a result of an interactive experiential process with cognitive and sensorial-motor framework, context and other people. It concerns the perspective in which meaning originates not only from internal or external structures but also from the genetically acquired constitution and the nature of physical and social settings. Biderman (1998, p. 93), discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis foundation, or the linguistic relativity hypothesis, reiterates that each language translates the world according to its culture and reveals the whole linguistic system that manifests an organized categorization of reality. As stated by this theory, the world conveys a myriad of impressions according to speakers' mind organization. Impressions that become concepts under the cultural lens of each community; thus, they may vary due to different representations for each concept in a given community. Under each community cultural prism, it is created a linguistic matrix that portrays the reality through the lexicon, that is, the lexical asset of this community. This lexical archive indeed results from a categorization process that has been developed over time, for thousands of years, an outcome of human experience that has been recognized and categorized through the interaction with physical and cultural contexts.
Experience settings and interactions with different contexts are essential factors for a conceptualization process. Eccles's view (1979, p. 202) supports Karl Popper's three worlds concept (1972), which points to the existence and relationship between worlds and experiences that go beyond the dualist-interactionism status, assuming this way, the trialist interactionist position. According to Eccles (1979, p. 202-205), Karl Popper's three worlds representations (1972) are characterized as follows: World 1 represents objects and physical states, physical entities, humanmade artifacts, organic and inorganic matter, namely, the material world; World 2 is classified by conscience states that arise from sense organs perceptions (touch, tasting, smell, hearing, sight), subjective knowledge, inner reality (thoughts, feelings, dreams, imagination, intention); World 3 represents the cultural world, the world where humans are part of the human gender heritage constitution.
It is possible to grasp the continuous interaction that flows intensively in the three worlds since necessary conditions are provided. Eccles (1979, p. 205) explains the dynamics of the three worlds, considering that the cultural world (World 3) is decoded by material things (World 1), for example, through art objects. In turn, activities are experienced when perceptions, enabled by receptor organs, provoke more subtle internal experiences (World 2), such as comprehension, memory, emotions, aesthetic appreciation. Biderman (1981) discusses the interaction in these three worlds, naming them as 1) the physical world, 2) the conscience state world, and 3) the cultural universe world. The author calls attention to the fact that in the "continuous interaction in these three worlds, the individual had and has been withdrawing perceptions, sensations, experiences, and information that are linguistically categorized and durably recorded in the memory." (BIDERMAN, 1981, p. 134).
By expanding memory notion, Biderman (1981, p. 138) defends the existence of a "lexical memory" in the brain, in which all vocabulary supply of a specific language would be stored. In this perspective, the social interaction with other individuals in the same society, the speakers' lexicon archive will be constituted by the share and the similarity existing in every individual's memory from the same linguistic community. The whole composed archive is always available for individuals to codify and decode messages during an interaction.
To understand how individuals of a community access this lexical archive, it is assumed here that some familiar concepts are so entrenched in our conscience that require minimal effort to access names for specific entities' designation. Schmid (2007, p. 118), in turn, argues that the notion of entrenchment in cognitive linguistics is used to explain that concepts expressed in words were fossilized by convention in a linguistic community. When we need, for example, activate the concept of dog, an automatic cognitive process occurs because a knowledge package already formatted was activated, being available in memory for the frequency of use of a specific meaning.
This author presents the concept of entrenchment by "readymade format" and explains that a large volume of vocabulary used in a community is available in memory. To identify and categorize a more exotic animal, for example, a meerkat or a bison, takes more time since the process starts from the animal more remarkable traits identification and goes towards the word search that fits in a category in the mental lexicon.
Another aspect adopted by this author is the fact that concepts manifest in a community since its entrenchment does not only depend on the individual's activation frequency since "[…] the frequency of occurrence of concepts or constructions in a speech community has an effect on the frequency with which its members are exposed to them" (SCHMID, 2007, p. 119).
The series of factors that lead to the degree of entrenchment originate from the salience level. Schmid (2007, p. 119) clarifies that salience is viewed by two distinct forms: cognitive salience and ontological salience. Cognitive salience activates cognitive units when required for speech actions, that is, the activation of a concept may occur through a conscious selection mechanism or through a spreading activation, which happens when a concept facilitates activation of another concept. When a concept is activated, it is loaded in working memory and starts to be the center of attention, becoming salient. The author clarifies that some entities are better qualified, which is why they call attention. Therefore, cognitive salience is related to ease activation, and non-salience binds inactive concepts.
Conversely, according to Schmid (2007, p. 120), ontological salience relates to the stability of world entities' properties. This way, the connection point between cognitive and ontological salience is the high potential that mental concepts have to become the center of our attention. The author exemplifies with dog image that runs across a field. The dog draws more attention than other elements; it is more salient than the field, the trees, and plants in the scenario. From this setting, it is noticeable that ontologically salient entities overlap the non-salient ones.
The different patterns of attention distribution illustrated by the dog scene, as the most salient element, is related to the terminology of Gestalt psychology -Figure and Ground. Schmid (2007) explains that "the Figure is regarded as the most salient entity in a given configuration, while the Ground has secondary prominence" (SCHMID, 2007, p. 128).
In brief, the author emphasizes that salience can point to cognitive salience, occurring a temporary activation state of mental concepts, and to ontological salience, through properties of inherited entities that are more stable in the world.
The link between entrenchment and salience is demonstrated by ontological entities' frequency occurrence, which leads to concept entrenchment. Entities with great potential to call attention, namely, more salient, are noticeable in the early stages of language acquisition. Entities as people and animals, objects with more mobility, colorful, and noisy are more salient for children; therefore, salience determines concepts entrenchment.

Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) and Conceptual Metonymy
Considering the perspective of human knowledge structure organization, Lakoff (1987, p.68) underpins that knowledge is organized through constructs called Idealized Cognitive Models (henceforth ICMs). The author defends that categorization structures and prototypical effects are phenomena originated from these models; thus, they are sub-products of this complex cognitive organization.
ICMs stress three important facts of these cognitive constructs: they are idealized, cognitive and models. Therefore, they are defined as follows: "idealized cognitive models are simplified mental constructs that organize various domains of human experience, both practical and theoretical" (MCCAULEY, 1987, p. 292).
The enlightenment on the models suggested by Lakoff (1987) is obtained by ICMs aspects comprehension. According to Geeraerts (2010, p. 224), ICMs are called idealized because they are abstractions of the actual world. The complexity of reality is not captured as a whole but through ICMs. The models provide a matrix to cope complexity with flexibility; with such possibility, these models simplify the world.
In a broad universe of stimuli that comprises each context, McCauley (1987, p. 293) explains that these constructs are idealized since selection takes place based on efficacy and meaning. In other words, we choose more productive and meaningful stimuli in theoretical and practical domains. When something is idealized, the one underemphasizes or ignores a wide range of possibilities through ceteris paribus. The possibilities that were disregarded are bearers of a relative lack of importance. ICMs define a series of keys for the environment, which can determine a situation, and set expectations for change and for appropriate replies to contexts.
Besides being idealized, ICMs are cognitive for the fact that they depend on imaginative skills to elect a model for a specific domain. Among various members of a category, some are selected as best examples, depending on the applied model for a specific situation. ICMs are models about the world, which means that the sum of all these models constitute a superstructure of human knowledge about the world.
Geeraerts (2010) highlights ICM relevance for cognitive semantics for the fact that […] our knowledge of language is intimately related to our knowledge of the world, and that such knowledge of the world takes the form of cognitive models: structured sets of beliefs and expectations that direct cognitive processing, including the use of language (GEERAERTS, 2010, p. 245).
Conceptual metonymy is regarded as a relevant cognitive characteristic since people tend to use a well-understood aspect to represent the whole of it or some other facet. Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p. 35) recognize that conceptual metonymy is based on the contiguity relation, establishing a referential function when an entity is used to refer to another one, with which has a relation. Besides the referential function, conceptual metonymy also has the function of providing comprehension; the most highlighted part of a whole is used to precisely determine the expected aspect to be focused. For instance, a part of a whole is chosen to represent a person whose main trait is intelligence, with which head is related. This way, the common expression we need the best heads means that the requisite intelligence is the need at hand. Lakoff (1987, p.78) indicates that conceptual metonymy emerges from an Idealized Cognitive Model, which holds a stand-for relation between A and B. One element of the ICM, B, symbolizes another element A. Metonymies occur wherever there exist ICMs; so, it is claimed that metonymies are conceptual phenomena based on domains. Radden and Kovecses (1998, p. 41) consider that "we have ICMs of everything that is conceptualized, which includes the conceptualization of things and events, words and their meanings, and categories of things and events." The following topic shows the data analysis according to the principles of the cognitive perspective for the theoretical studies here highlighted.

Mapping of proper names taxonomies according to the nature and domains of the worlds
This research considered the lexical origin perspective of proper names based on the interaction of the three worlds, proposed by Eccles (1979), from where it is possible to understand human existences and experiences. Analysis results demonstrate a range of linguistic elements currently present in the speakers' lexical memory that points to a more influential world that materialized in the linguistic codification of experiences.
The analysis of proper names mapping provided a visualization of the distribution of names according to the nature of the worlds. Graphic 1 shows the following results: out of 56 names, 34 names (61%) come from the universe of culture world (named here as sociocultural); 14 names (25%) come from the physical world, and eight names (14%) come from the conscience state world (named here as mental). Chart 1 presents the sociocultural world, made up of 34 proper names, corresponding to 61%. The most significant highlight domains were occupation/ work with six names; literature, morality/ immorality with four names; authority, leisure/ sports with three names. The categories with two names are: drugs, faith, expressions. The other categories present only one name: transportation, law, constructions, education, finance, society, symbols and signs, others.
The highest incidence of proper names stemming from the sociocultural world reflects the relevance that its various elements take over in Brazilian society. This result indicates that social domains highly influence the surrounding environment because of the constant interaction, leading to concept entrenchment (SCHMID, 2007).
Based on the groups that showed the highest incidence, occupation/ work, morality/ immorality, literature, it is assumed that they represent a competitive society. They also typify a society that expresses judicial deficiency concerning ordering and social respect. Similarly, the group literature can also be contemplated as a society depiction that brings several social theme representations, serving as a community mirror portrayed by language. Hence, the social world domains occupation/ work, morality/immorality, and literature show a noticeable index of word usage for interactive settings, generating the necessity of specific lexical archive use considering the frequency, salience, and entrenchment of concepts. Chart 2 presents data concerning the physical world, which is constituted by 14 names (21%) with the following highlighted domains: animal with seven names; action and health/ disease with two names and three other groups with only one name: colors, mineral, existence.
The proper names analyzed refer to the current time in Brazil. However, considering 519 years of the country's existence, the referential points that determine the Brazilian reality, for example, the physical aspects originated from nature, are already distant from the majority of the population everyday contact. Consequently, this factor influences the decrease of lexicon use that designates the elements of the physical world reality, or the elements of the human being and the environment.
However, the group animal had the highest record of proper names in the physical world; thus, the presupposition for such index is the motivation for cultural relations established with animals. Different from past times, when relation was hunting and survival-oriented, the relation is established for extinction threat reasons or animal disrespect. The animal behavior itself or animal characteristics are linked with this cultural relation, which can portray human beings' actions, in a metonymic relation of objectivity for subjectivity. The mental world was constituted by seven names, corresponding to 14%, distributed almost exclusively in language group, and only one name in feelings group. In order to have the status of proper names, the names were conceptualized and transformed according to different contexts and took on distinct meanings, such as 14-BIS, EM NOME DA MÃE, SAPATINHO. The other reason to be categorized in this group is the existence of well crystallized concepts for word-forms, as ZULU, coming from BRAVO-ZULU, which means that a mission was accomplished in the naval universe, the cognitive processing influenced in the transformation process of a form (word) into a concept.

Types of metonymies with higher indexes in proper names of police operations
Data analysis was based on the concepts of the Ogden and Richards (1989) Triangle of Meaning, adapted by Biderman (1998, p. 116). This author proposes that the phenomenon of meaning is generated from the referent and the universe from which it comes. Therefore, it was necessary to analyze, in a sequential manner, the context, the referent, and the concept formed to understand the meaning of police operations proper names. From this concept, it was possible to identify the Idealized Cognitive Model and location of the metonymic source and target, and then, classify metonymies according to the typology.
The classification of metonymies was based on the typology of Kovecses (1998, 2007) and Blanco Carrión, Barcelona, Pannain (2018). Radden and Kovecses (1998;) present a typology of 63 metonymies and suggest a metonymy classification that establish conceptual relationships based on the relations between the whole of the ICM and its parts, with 20 types and the parts of the ICM, with 43 types in the categories action, perception, production, control, possession, location, sign and reference, alteration. Nevertheless, Blanco Carrión, Barcelona, Pannain (2018) provide 117 types, but they basically present the same typology proposed by Kovecses (1998, 2007).
It is also noteworthy that, for this study, it was necessary to create new types of metonymies due to the non-existence and noncorrespondence to the sources suggested by the previously mentioned authors. Thus, for this analysis, two types of metonymies were created: symbology for event and product for event. The type symbology for event encompasses mythological or folkloric characters that typify images of human needs or emotions, and the type product for event includes physical substances or services that is produced, extracted or done by an organization.
The following are the most common metonymy types and name analysis of some police operations belonging to each group. Belonging to the group parts of an ICM, specifically, the action of the ICM, it is a type of metonymy in which conceptual entities function as parts of an ICM. They involve several participants, in this case, an action and a consequent result.
The concept for the name Amphibia (Amphibious) is a correlation with amphibious life cycle and employees that shifted jobs either working for the government or for private companies. In the civil servants ICM, the source is the actions they took for different professional settings and the target is the illicit actions. The name Editor (Editor), despite assuming the agent's name, the conceptualization originates from the action of editing documents to justify contractual changes in bidding frauds. Considering the bidding company ICM, the source is proceeding unlawfully to have as result, the fraud. The concept for Descarte (Disposal) is the correlation between fake companies and the mission of the authorized company to collect public waste. The source is the action of getting rid of something, and the target is money laundering in waste collection ICM. The act of using false documents to make the location challenging as an attitude of defense generated the name Mimetismo (Mimicry), within the preservation of life ICM, the result of this action is the attitude of escaping of those involved in the benefits fraud of the elderly legal protection. The name Manigância (Trick) originates from the civil servant ICM, which source is the professional behavior to reach the target of embezzlement and fraud.
The concept for the name Ponte Aérea (Air Bridge) correlates with strategic flights, places and drug trafficking. The modus operandi involved drug acquisition in the north of the country and shipping to the south; in air transportation MCI, the source is the air service. To avoid being caught, the criminal takes on the same attitude as the main character of the movie Prenda-me se for Capaz (Arrest Me If You Are Able To); the name of the movie is the source in criminal movie MCI. The name Sapatinho (Little Shoe) refers to a police jargon used to describe the situation in which employees and relatives of a bank branch are taken hostage. Within robbery ICM, the source is the action of the criminals in a post office where they took relatives as hostages, i.e., this was the vehicle used to reach the target, resulting in the robbery. The name Trapaça (Deception) refers to frauds committed by a group of food companies whose purpose was to cheat health inspection service. Within inspection ICM, the source is the action that aims to deceive these authorities and the target is the fraud system, as a result. The name Vista Grossa (Overlook) is an action within smuggling ICM that its source is the attitude of facilitation by the IRS (Internal Revenue Service/ Receita Federal) officials, resulting in the entry of materials in Brazilian territory without due payment.
Within an ICM, we have access to the target by a specific vehicle and not by others. Also, some vehicles are so ingrained and more natural than others, Langacker (1993, apud RADDEN;KOVECSES, 2007, p. 350-351) points out that cognitive principles are the motivators for vehicle choice for metonymies, and proposes three determinants for the conceptual ICM organization: human experience, perceptual selectivity and cultural preference. The human experience is considered to be the body interaction with people and objects and the anthropocentric worldview: human over nonhuman, subjective over objective, concrete over abstract, interactional over non-interactional, functional by nonfunctional.
For this kind of metonymy, human experience responds as the motivating cognitive principle for selecting the vehicle that goes to the target. Within the ICMs of the names analyzed, the principle for the selection of the entities that served as source were human actions, more specifically, the interactional over the non-interactional. Belonging to the whole thing ICM and its parts, events in ICM, this metonymic type refers to the status of an event that focuses on potentiality and reality. The names associated with this category portray a state of the desired ideal in the face of reality, regarding the context need. The ideal state is always present in the source, which represents the associative trait that is sufficient to describe the target. The potential element status can come from different ways: victims, police, community, criminals.
The strength of association between source and target comes from the vehicle that triggers the claim for some punishment, as in the name Cantinho do Pensamento (Reflection Corner) for child pornography crime, which was ironically given to the operation. The name indicates a kind of punishment referring to a way of disciplining school-aged children. Within child pornography ICM, the source is a type of punishment within a context where the accused ones are academically educated, and one is a university professor. Within paradise ICM, the name Canaã -a Colheita Final (Canaan -the Final Harvest) refers to an idealized place for people in similar conditions of slavery, human trafficking committed by leaders of a religious sect. The concept connects the idealized place promised by fake religious leaders and the reference is the promised land, as described in the Bible. The name Mãos à Obra (Hands On) indicates a desired potential in the context of misappropriation of funds within construction ICM. The vehicle is the unfinished constructions, which has constructions that did not happen due to the misappropriation of funds as target. The name Merenda Segura (Safe Snack) refers to misappropriations of funds dedicated to education. Within education system ICM, the target is intended for school meals, that is potentially ensured for students. However, the target is the reality of funds misuse that would be destined for meals.
The concept for Pausare (Pause) is the correlation between the word meaning and the investigated institution mission. In retirement ICM, the source is the institution's mission, and the target is embezzlement of public funds. For rural contracts ICM, the source is promises to reach benefits fraud in the target. The concept is the link between promises and the rural area. It indicates the potential for actual in the name Terra Prometida (Promised Land). The name Voto Livre (Free Vote) has the right to vote as referent leading to the concept, which correlates fake news dissemination and the right to vote freely. The source is social rights, and the target is fake and negative influence in election ICM.
Concerning the three determinants for the conceptual ICM organization: human experience, perceptual selectivity and cultural preference. Radden and Kovecses (2007, p. 354) state that cultural preferences are dimensions determined within each culture; in this case, cultural preference has served as the vehicle selection within the ICM, for this type of metonymy. They assume different levels of preference, depending on the dimensions determined within each culture. The cases of concepts selected by linking with culture: stereotyped over nonstereotyped, ideal over non-ideal, typical over non-typical, central over peripheral, initial or final over medium, basic over non-basic, important over unimportant, common over less common, rare over less rare.
For this metonymic group, precedence is the ideal over non-ideal. Metonymy uses the source as a vehicle to talk about the target indirectly. The sources clearly reproduce the desired potential in the context. This type of metonymy portrays, through the proper names, a strong indication for the elements of ICMs, which points to justice and rights protection of crime victims in a chaotic context.
(3) WORDS FOR THE CONCEPTS THEY EXPRESS ______________________________________________________________ Names of police operations: CAPILÉ, ELEMENTO 79, EM NOME DA MÃE, LEX TALINOIS, OUTORGA, ZULU Belonging to the group parts of an ICM, subgroup signs and reference ICMs, the group applies to situations in which individuals speak of events happening in the world using referential expressions. It is possible because an expression, form-concept unity, carries the conventional sense of a set. However, "the thing referred to need not to extensionally belong to class of things that are conventionally described by the term" (RADDEN; KOVECSES, 1998, p. 43).
The name Capilé (Chip), which means chips that one partner gives to another when gambling, correlates to the bribe paid to public servers for tax crimes within the public service ICM. It means that the form-concept unit capilé, 4 which belongs to the categorization of games, describes a fiscal crime that falls into another category of things. In the periodic table, gold is element number 79. Using this form-concept within gold mining ICM, the name Elemento 79 (Element 79) serves as the source and gold smuggling, tax relief, and crime against nature as the target. The name Em Nome da Mãe (In the Name of the Mother) results from a pun of the Christian blessing The Sign of the Cross (in the name of the Father…), changing Father for Mother. In genealogic ICM, the source is the respectful words directing to the target, frauds of maternity leave benefits.
Actions of retaliation coming from a criminal association of miners and politicians that destroyed some government buildings as a reaction of a previous police operation served as referent for the name Lex Talinous (Law of Retaliation). Having this concept in the source, the target is public property damage within public institution ICM. The concept for the name Outorga (Consent) is the correlation between the word concept of consent and a nominated proxy of 29 people who obtained agricultural credits irregularly. The name Zulu (Zulu) has a concept coming from a crystalized word-form Bravo Zulu, a naval signal to convey "Well Done". Within military and police operations ICM, the source used the expression meaning success, and the source is the result of operation against drug trafficking.
In this group, we perceive the connections made with words or expressions, and concepts in an automatic and quite to the point process, as this is defined by social and cultural context. Schmid's (2007, p. 118) explanation for this automaticity in the cognitive process applies to situations in which we access these words or expressions. In fact, what happens is that doors open for knowledge that has been formatted by entrenchment, stored, and made available in the lexical memory of a particular community. This metonymy is part of the typology of Blanco Carrión, Barcelona, Pannain (2018). According to Radden and Kovecses (2007, p. 353), perceptual selectivity is one of the cognitive principles that responds to entity selection for the source. This fact brings out the representations of the different investigated people and their characteristics provoked by the perception of the most evident participant in the crime space and time, triggering a quick association with people or things involved.
The name Cardiopatas (Cardiac Disease) concept connects the medical field under investigation and one of the diseases treated by these professionals. Within health system ICM, the most salient participant, heart diseases, serves as the source that directs to the target, fraud. Corrupião (Icterus jamacaii) is the name of a bird whose habitat is the caatinga (the semi-arid region in Brazil) and open dry landscapes, and it turns the element that stands out in the context of corruption crime attributed to IBAMA 5 (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) in Rio Grande do Norte. Within investigated institution ICM, the source is one of the evident participants of nature that leads to the target, the corruption installed in the institution in charge of preserving nature. The name Jabuti (Red-footed tortoise) correlates with the nickname given to fantasma (ghost) government officials of investigated agency for misappropriation and money laundering. In this case, the evident participant refers to all fantasma employees within the institution ICM.
In the fishing ICM, the source is a kind of fish and the target is fraud. Being the highlighted participant in the event, the concept for the name Peixe-Mosquito (Gambusia affinis) is the correlation between fishermen's illicit activity and a kind of fish that eat mosquito larvae. Another name that had its source oriented by perceptual selectivity was the operation Yellow. The context is extortion and kidnapping crimes, attacks on air transport safety, and others. During the chase, the accused used a yellow pickup truck with Infraero (Empresa Brasileira de Infraestrutura Aeroportuária) 6 stickers. Within sequenced crimes ICM, the source is the color of the truck. The cognitive motivating principle for source selection is related to good Gestalt over poor Gestalt, serving as the most striking feature that leads to the target, which is a set of criminal acts.
For this group, it is understood that the cognitive principle that organizes the vehicle within the ICM is related to perceptual salience. Among the various competing stimuli, factors of proximity and immediacy are taken into account. The stimuli can be applied to the following situations, according to classification Radden and Kovecses (2007, p. 353), immediate over non-immediate, occurrent over nonoccurrent, more over less, dominant over less dominant, good Gestalt over poor Gestalt, bounded over unbounded, specific over generic.
In the analysis of proper names, the most salient stimuli served as keys for the ICM configuration, and for the triggering of metonymic process. The name Apáte (Apate), derived from the Greek mythology that represents the spirit of falsehood that comes out of Pandora's Box, represents the frauds for land tenure regularization. Within document forgery ICM, the source is the entity representing deceit, and the target is fraud action. A creature from the Brazilian folklore, which is known to be the protector of Amazonian fauna and flora, names the operation Curupira (Curupira). Within hunting and fishing ICM, this folk figure is used as the source that leads to the target, the repeated practice of illegal hunting and fishing.
From the African symbology, Erê (Ere) represents the purity and spirit of innocence as a source within the human abuse ICM contextualized by action against pedophilia and the dissemination of child pornography. Having this entity as a source, the child victims used as target, is reached. Another protection symbol is represented by the name Penapes (Penapes), a group of Roman gods that took care of houses. In the human abuse ICM, the source is the group of gods, and the target is the children's sexual abuse. In children abuse ICM, the source is the character that fights against the evil and names the operation Solomon (Solomon). The concept correlates children's abuse and the fictional character Solomon Kane in Marvel Comics, who vanquishes evil in all its forms. Belonging to the group whole ICM and its parts, this type presents the characteristic of the contiguity relationship being a part with characteristics included in the whole. The names Designer Drug and Ecstasy trigger an automatic association with drug trafficking crimes. The name of the operation Frater, which derives from Latin, brother. It has the referent a person who is part of an Order within the brotherhood ICM, and the target is a criminal organization specialized in drug trafficking. The member of this category is a social fraternity prototype of the category drug trafficking. It was necessary to create this kind of metonymy for the study, as explained earlier. The name of the operation Pão Nosso (Our Father) comes from food company ICM, which has the product as its source and the misappropriation of public resources for food companies as the target. A pun was made with the prayer Pai Nosso, popular in Brazilian culture, by using the product pão (bread) instead of pai (father). This selection configures as a cognitive determinant principle for a conceptual organization, according to Radden and Kovecses (2007, p. 354). The name Pedra Bruta (Raw Stone) has illegal granite mining as the target, the source within the mineral extraction ICM is the product itself, the raw stone. Reducing the name of the product marketed by the Post Office, postal refund, the name of the operation Reembolso (Cash On Delivery) has one of the services provided as its source within Mail Services ICM. This vehicle leads to the metonymic target, robbery, and thefts in several places, having a post office as the first victim. Belonging to the whole ICM and its parts, ICM place -for this type of metonymy, places are often associated with locals, the region's fauna, flora and local products, institutions and salient events of the place. The concept for the name Jacutinga (Pipile jacutinga) is the correlation between the typical regional bird in Paraná region and the place where the investigated ones have a property, and where the police searched for drugs. Within the drug trafficking ICM, the source is the place for search represented by the name of the typical bird from the region. Similarly, the name 14BIS 7 (14 BIS), which at first glance is associated with Santos Dumont's invention, becomes a place within public bidding ICM. Despite being associated with the name of the first plane, this name is used as a source and has a different use from expected, since it is the name of the company that one of the investigated individuals owned to facilitate funds misappropriation. The referent for the name Ramphastos (Ramphastos tucanus) is the place known as Tucano, where there was fraud in authorization concerning deforestation and gold exploitation. This way, the place becomes the motivating element for the police operation name. Belonging to the group thing and part ICM, subgroup event ICM, the group applies to a subevent that stands for the whole event.
The name Cartão Vermelho (Red Card), meaning the expulsion of the player when there is serious misconduct or disrespect for authority, is an element of soccer game that serves as a source. Within soccer industry ICM, the vehicle addresses the target of bidding fraud, overpricing and misappropriation of funds for demolition, and reconstruction of a soccer stadium. For each event in the ICMs, there is a salient subevent that becomes the source. For Courier (Courier), within drug trafficking ICM, the source is the function of one of the investigated persons, the express delivery. For the name Xeque Mate (Checkmate), the target in corruption ICM is reached by the metonymic source, office removal, as in a chess move that the opponent cannot continue. In this group, the names are present in the sources in a physical or abstract dimension like in Paralelo (Parallel), the source is the technical term used in the exchange market to represent crime. In Reboot (Reboot), the referent is tactics to start something again and again, the source is bidding data manipulation to reach the target, fraud, in bidding ICM. The source in Ventura (Expedient) is job position to obtain illicit favors and social security benefits.
(11) AGENT FOR ACTION ______________________________________________________________ Names of police operations: BEBEL, LOOTERS This group concerns parts of an ICM, which includes relationships between action and people. The use of the agent's nickname for the name Bebel (Bebel) shows this kind of relation in the ICM. The referent is the main suspect for transnational drug trafficking, who becomes the agent for the source in drug trafficking ICM. For the name Looters (Saqueadores), the concept is the correlation between the supposed criminal and the looters from the past in Europe, when crimes happened in large scale and with violence. In looting ICM, the source is the specific kind of criminal to represent cargo transport attacks. For the name Arquimedes (Archimedes), the concept is the allusion to the measurement technique used to weigh the crime product. In timber extraction ICM, the source is Archimedes' principle and the target is Amazon illegal wood extraction.
(13) EFFECT FOR CAUSE ______________________________________________________________ Names of police operations: ACERTO DE CONTA The name Acerto de Conta (Settle a Score) is the result of standardized fraudulent withdrawals having infiltrators in bank agencies to catch criminals in the act. The source is the retaliation attitude to stand for frauds. The criminals' attitude effect is the cause of the police act. The referent of the name Tristitia is (Sorrow) the misappropriation of public funds aimed to education, the concept is the allusion to sadness that this kind of crime causes jeopardizing education. The source is sadness feeling and the target is embezzlement in education ICM.
It was demonstrated the taxonomies of proper names according to the nature of the worlds, and the categorization of 56 proper names in 14 types of metonymies and the analysis of each name

Final comments
In this study, the main goal was to discuss the role that conceptual metonymy can play in the generation of police operations proper names in Brazil. It is understood that different types of contiguity relationships are established within an ICM and are responsible for structuring our thoughts, attitudes, and actions. Adding the cognitive relationships to the interaction process with the surrounding sociocultural environment and the individuals' embodied experiences, language assumes the perspective of being a cognition and embodiment product. This study isolated one of the cognitive products of language, proper names, and presented the typology of the most frequent metonymies that motivate the generation of these names.
Besides, taxonomies were mapped based on their belonging within the nature of the worlds, which allowed visualization and discussion of the sources of more considerable influence on human existence and experience. The sociocultural world has massive participation in the representation and conceptualization of facts. The results obtained through the metonymic typology and mapping of worlds provided the proof of the structuring that metonymy, as a cognitive mechanism, can assume in the process of generating proper names by different relationships established within the ICMs. The most frequent types of action for result, potential for actual, words for the concepts they express, salient participant for event, and symbology for event demonstrated that cognitive principles of human experience, perceptual selectivity, and cultural preference are factors of significant influence in selecting vehicles preference within ICMs.
Thus, this work has confirmed that conceptual metonymies are present in our daily lives in constant interaction with socio-cultural, physical and mental environments. Various concepts, which manifest themselves through words, are the result of a net of threads that carry human experience and individual knowledge, besides having social, historical and cultural contexts as a casing that involves this intertwining.
This study is expected to broaden and deepen the knowledge about the relationship between cognitive mechanisms and proper names.

Authorship Statement
I, Tânia Mara Miyashiro Sasaki, professor of Basic Technical and Technological Education at IFMS, declare to have developed the article that originated from the research carried out for my doctoral thesis. I participated directly in the writing of the article in partnership with Aparecida Negri Isquerdo, visiting researcher at UFMS / FAALC / Postgraduate Program in Language Studies and supervisor of the developing thesis of the Postgraduate Program in Letters at UFMS. I, Aparecida Negri Isquerdo, declare that I have guided and jointly participated in the process of developing the article and the reviews in response to the requirements for submission.